References

 

ACCORD. (2018, June 1). What Do Networks of Women Mediators Mean for Mediation Support in Africa? https://www.accord.org.za/conflict-trends/what-do-networks-of-women-mediators-mean-for-mediation-support-in-africa/

ACCORD. (2024, May 28). The Powerful Role of African Women in Resolving Conflict and Sustaining Peace. https://www.accord.org.za/analysis/the-powerful-role-of-african-women-in-resolving-conflict-and-sustaining-peace/

Adebajo, A. (2014). The Curse of Berlin: Africa After the Cold War. Oxford University Press (UK).

African Union. (2016, June 14). Agenda 2063: The Africa we want. Agenda 2063: The Africa We Want. | African Union. https://au.int/en/agenda2063/overview

African Union. (2017). African Women Mediators and Election Observers Building Peace, Securing Women. https://www.peaceau.org/uploads/01-wmeo-profile-final-small-res.pdf

African Union. (2022, February 24). Statement from Chair of the African Union, H.E President Macky Sall and Chairperson of the AU Commission H.E Moussa Faki Mahamat, on the Situation in Ukraine. Statement from Chair of the African Union, H.E President Macky Sall and Chairperson of the AU Commission H.E Moussa Faki Mahamat, on the situation in Ukraine | African Union. https://au.int/en/pressreleases/20220224/african-union-statement-situation-ukraine

Akram, M. (2025, July 16). Towards a Just Peace: Ukraine’s Outstanding Diplomatic Efforts to End the War. مركز شاف لتحليل الأزمات والدراسات المستقبلية. https://shafcenter.org/en/towards-a-just-peace-ukraines-outstanding-diplomatic-efforts-to-end-the-war

Al Jazeera. (2022, February 24). Russian forces launch full-scale invasion of Ukraine. https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/2/24/putin-orders-military-operations-in-eastern-ukraine-as-un-meets

Allison, R. (2014). Russian ‘deniable’ intervention in Ukraine: How and why Russia broke the rules. International Affairs, 90(6), 1255–1297. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-2346.12170

Anderlini, S. N. (2007a). Women Building Peace: What They Do, Why It Matters. Lynne Rienner Publishers.

Anderlini, S. N. (2007b). Women Building Peace: What They Do, Why It Matters . Lynne Rienner Publishers.

Antwi-Boateng, O., & Nuaimi, M. H. A. (2023, August). Peripheral and Gender Perspectives: The Russia-Ukraine War and Africa’s Response and Impact. Virtual Commons - Bridgewater State University. https://vc.bridgew.edu/jiws/vol25/iss6/9/

Apiko, P., Desmidt, S., & Sævarsson, K. F. (2017, December 11). Women and Mediation in Africa Under the APSA and the AGA. ECDPM. https://ecdpm.org/work/women-and-mediation-in-africa-under-the-apsa-and-the-aga

Arthur, D. D., Issifu, A. K., & Marfo, S. (2015). An analysis of the influence of ubuntu principle on the South Africa Peace Building Process. Journal of Global Peace and Conflict, 3(2). https://doi.org/10.15640/jgpc.v3n2a4

Bahid, Y., Kutsenko, O., Rodríguez, N., & White, D. (2024, May 28). The Statistical and Dynamic modeling of the First Part of the 2013-2014 Euromaidan Protests in Ukraine: The Revolution of Dignity and Preceding Times. PLOS One. https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0301639&utm_source=chatgpt.com

Becker, M., & Carter, E. (2020, October 24). The Role of Women in African Peace Processes. Journal of African Development. https://afea-jad.com/article/the-role-of-women-in-african-peace-processes-61

Bercovitch, J., & Gartner , S. S. (2009). International Conflict Mediation: New Approaches and Findings. Routledge.

Chance, M., Hodge, N., Lister, T., Smith-Spark, L., & Kottasová, I. (2022, February 25). Peace in Europe “shattered” as Russia invades Ukraine. CNN. https://www.cnn.com/2022/02/24/europe/ukraine-russia-invasion-thursday-intl

Chrisogechi, P. (2025, June 28). The role of female mediators in African conflict resolution: A comparative study of nigeria and Sudan. Submitted to Nigerian Defence Academy (NDA) Journal (Under Review). https://www.academia.edu/129818209/The_Role_of_Female_Mediators_in_African_Conflict_Resolution_A_Comparative_Study_of_Nigeria_and_Sudan

Council on Foreign Relations. (2022, March 3). Analyzing the Russia-Ukraine conflict from an African Standpoint. https://www.cfr.org/blog/analyzing-russia-ukraine-conflict-african-standpoint

Council on Foreign Relations. (2024, February 21). Global Perspectives on Ending the Russia-Ukraine War. https://www.cfr.org/councilofcouncils/global-memo/global-perspectives-on-ending-the-russia-ukraine-war/?utm_source=chatgpt.com

Council on Foreign Relations. (2025). Ukraine – Women’s Participation in Peace Processes. https://www.cfr.org/womens-participation-in-peace-processes/ukraine

CSIS. (2022, April 22). Russia’s War in Ukraine: Identity, History, and Conflict. https://www.csis.org/analysis/russias-war-ukraine-identity-history-and-conflict

CSIS. (2023, June 16). Africa’s Peace Delegation: A New Chapter for Africa and the Ukraine War. https://www.csis.org/analysis/africas-peace-delegation-new-chapter-africa-and-ukraine-war

Dale, D. (2025, April 25). Fact check: It wasn’t “in jest.” here are 53 times Trump said he’d end Ukraine War within 24 hours or before taking office | CNN politics. CNN. https://www.cnn.com/2025/04/25/politics/fact-check-trump-ukraine-war

Dias, A. M. (2022, May). What lessons can be drawn from the current war in Ukraine about the challenges facing women mediators and peacebuilders globally? How can their role in peace-making be meaningfully advanced? . MWMN - Mediterranean Women Mediators Network. https://womenmediators.net/may-2022-5/?utm

Enloe, C. (2014). Bananas, beaches and bases: Making feminist sense of international politics. University of California Press.

Fabricius, P. (2022, March 18). Ukraine War Reveals Africa Divided. ISS Africa. https://issafrica.org/iss-today/ukraine-war-reveals-africa-divided

Fischer, S. (2023a, November). Diplomacy in the Context of the Russian Invasion of Ukraine. Stiftung Wissenschaft und Politik (SWP). https://www.swp-berlin.org/10.18449/2023C53

Fischer, S. (2023b, November 13). Diplomacy in the context of the Russian invasion of Ukraine. Stiftung Wissenschaft und Politik (SWP). https://www.swp-berlin.org/publikation/diplomacy-in-the-context-of-the-russian-invasion-of-ukraine

Galeotti, M., & Sibley, D. (2022). Putin’s Wars: From Chechnya to Ukraine. Osprey Publishing.

Global Women Mediators. (2025, June 22). FemWise-Africa – Network of African Women in Conflict Prevention and Mediation. GLOBAL WOMEN MEDIATORS. https://www.globalwomenmediators.org/femwise-africa

Haberman, M., Kanno-Youngs, Z., & Troianovski, A. (2025, February 12). Trump Says Call With Putin is Beginning of Ukraine Peace Negotiations . The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2025/02/12/us/politics/trump-putin-call-russia-ukraine-war.html

Hudson, H. (2009). Peacebuilding through a gender lens and the challenges of implementation in Rwanda and Côte d’Ivoire. Security Studies, 18(2), 287–318. https://doi.org/10.1080/09636410902899982

Keane, D. (2025, September 19). “Putin let me down”: Trump says he thought Ukraine war would be “easy to solve.” The Independent. https://www.the-independent.com/news/world/europe/trump-putin-ukraine-war-russia-peace-deal-starmer-b2829565.html

Kennan, G. F. (1997, February 5). Opinion: A Fateful Error. New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/1997/02/05/opinion/a-fateful-error.html

Khayala, S. (2015). A Model for Conflict Transformation: Ubuntu, Mediation, and Forgiveness. International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology. https://doi.org/10.31920/aa_ubuntu

Kramer , A. E., & Bilefsky, D. (2022, September 30). Ukraine Submits an Application to Join NATO, With Big Hurdles Ahead. New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2022/09/30/world/europe/ukraine-nato-zelensky.html

Machel, G. (2001). The Impact of War on Children. Unicef;Hurst & Co.;UNIFEM.

Marcondes , D., & Silva, A. R. de A. (2023). The Role of Brazil in the Russia-Ukraine Conflict: A Potential Peace Enabler? . https://jia.sipa.columbia.edu/content/role-brazil-russia-ukraine-conflict-potential-peace-enabler

Marcondes, D., & Silva, A. R. de A. (2023). The Role of Brazil in the Russia-Ukraine Conflict: A Potential Peace Enabler? . Journal of International Affairs. https://jia.sipa.columbia.edu/content/role-brazil-russia-ukraine-conflict-potential-peace-enabler

Mearsheimer, J. J. (2010). Why is Europe Peaceful Today? European Political Science, 9(3), 387–397. https://doi.org/10.1057/eps.2010.24

Mhlanga, D., & Ndhlovu, E. (2023). The Russia-Ukraine War and Sustainable Development Goals in Africa. Fudan Journal of the Humanities and Social Sciences, 16, 435–454. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-63333-1_22

Mhlanga, D., & Ndhlovu, E. (2024, September 3). Peace, justice, diplomacy, and the Russo-Ukrainian War: Implication for Sustainable Development. SpringerLink. https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-031-63333-1_6

Murithi, T. (2006). Practical Peacemaking Wisdom from Africa: Reflections on Ubuntu. The Journal of Pan African Studies, 1(4), 13–33.

Nadkarni, V., D’Anieri, Paul, Kerr, S., Sharafutdinova, G., Pu, X., Ollapally, D. M., Junior, P. V., Moore , C., & Divsalla, A. (2024, September 23). Forum: The Russia–Ukraine War and Reactions From the Global South . https://academic.oup.com/cjip/article/17/4/449/7769649

NATO. (2022, February 25). Statement by NATO Heads of State and Government on Russia’s Attack on Ukraine. https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/official_texts_192489.htm?utm_source=chatgpt.com

O’Reilly, M., Súilleabháin, A. Ó., & Paffenholz, T. (2015). Reimagining Peacemaking: Women’s Roles in Peace Processes. International Peace Institute.

Porter, E. J. (2007). Peacebuilding: Women in international perspective. Routledge.

PRIF Blog. (2023, July 21). An African Peace Initiative in the Russia-Ukraine War?. PRIF BLOG. https://blog.prif.org/2023/07/21/an-african-peace-initiative-in-the-russia-ukraine-war

Puechguirbal, N. (2010). Discourses on Gender, Patriarchy and Resolution 1325: A Textual Analysis of UN Documents. International Peacekeeping, 17(2), 172–187. https://doi.org/10.1080/13533311003625068

RAND Europe. (2024, November 18). Russia’s War in Ukraine: Emerging Insights for UK and NATO Joint Doctrine . https://www.rand.org/randeurope/research/projects/2024/russias-war-in-ukraine-insights-for-uk-and-nato.html

Research Centre for Security and Geopolitical Studies. (2025, July 19). Shifting Tides: The Evolving Russia-Ukraine Conflict. RCSGS. https://rcsgs.org/publications/blog/shifting-tides-the-evolving-russia-ukraine-conflict

Samkange, S. J. T., & Samkange, T. M. (1980). Hunhuism or Ubuntuism: A Zimbabwe Indigenous Political Philosophy. Graham.

ScienceDirect. (2023). Women’s Agency and Resistance in Russia’s War on Ukraine: From Victim of the War to Prominent Force. https://www.med.upenn.edu/pmi/events/https-www-sciencedirect-com-science-article-abs-pii-s1047847720300046-via-3dihub

Shankar, P. (2025, September 23). In major shift, Trump says Ukraine can win back all territory from Russia. Al Jazeera. https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/9/23/in-major-shift-trump-says-ukraine-can-win-back-all-territory-from-russia#:~:text=News%7CUnited%20Nations-,In%20major%20shift%2C%20Trump%20says%20Ukraine%20can%20win%20back%20all,with%20Ukrainian%20President%20Volodymyr%20Zelenskyy.

Shepherd, L. J. (2016). Gender, UN Peacebuilding, and the Politics of Space: Locating Legitimacy. Oxford University Press.

Staeger, U. (2023, October 30). War in Ukraine, the African Union, and African Agency . https://academic.oup.com/afraf/article/122/489/559/7333637?login=false

SWP. (2024, February 13). Bringing Female Mediators to the Table: Shed the Spotlight on African Women in Peace Processes. Stiftung Wissenschaft und Politik (SWP). https://www.swp-berlin.org/publikation/mta-joint-futures-44-bringing-female-mediators-to-the-table-shed-the-spotlight-on-african-women-in-peace-processes

Tickner, J. A. (1992). Gender in International Relations: Feminist Perspectives on Achieving Global Security. Columbia University Press.

True, J. (2013). The political economy of violence against women. Oxford University Press.

Tutu, D. (2000). No Future Without Forgiveness. The Doubleday Religious Publishing.

UN Women. (2020). Women, Peace, and Security. https://www.unwomen.org/sites/default/files/Headquarters/Attachments/Sections/Library/Publications/2020/Women-peace-and-security-annual-report-2019-2020-en.pdf

United Nations in Sudan. (2023, October 25). Sudanese Women Advocate for Peace at Conference in Uganda. United Nations Sudan. https://sudan.un.org/en/255336-sudanese-women-advocate-peace-conference-uganda?utm_source=chatgpt.com

United Nations Security Council. (2000, October 31). United Nations Security Council resolution 1325 (2000), S/RES/1325 (2000) | she stands for peace. United Nations. https://www.un.org/shestandsforpeace/content/united-nations-security-council-resolution-1325-2000-sres1325-2000

United Nations Women. (2021). (rep.). Women’s Mediation Capacity in Nigeria An Analytical report On the Gaps And Opportunities. Retrieved from https://africa.unwomen.org/sites/default/files/Field%20Office%20Africa/Attachments/Publications/2021/07/Women%20Mediation%20Analysis%20digital%2030%20May%20002.pdf?

United Nations Women. (2023). Why We need More Women Mediators. United Nations. https://www.un.org/en/peace-and-security/why-we-need-more-women-mediators

United Nations. (1994, December 19). Letter dated 7 December 1994 from the Permanent Representative of the Russian Federation, Ukraine, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and the United States of America to the United Nations Addressed to the Secretary-General. https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/169471?ln=en&v=pdf

United Nations. (2000, October 31). Resolution 1325 (2000). https://www.un.org/womenwatch/ods/S-RES-1325(2000)-E.pdf